Chronology of events causes
The arrival of Japanese troops to Indonesia
March 1, 1942, Japanese troops landed on the island of Java, and seven days later, on March 8, 1942, the Dutch colonial government surrendered unconditionally to Japan under the Agreement Kalijati. After the unconditional surrender, Indonesia formally annexed by Japan.
Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
Three years later, Japan surrendered unconditionally to the Allies after the dropping of the atomic bomb (the United States) in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The incident occurred in August 1945. In the foreign power vacuum, then Sukarno proclaimed Indonesia's independence on August 17, 1945.
The arrival of the British and Dutch troops
After the defeat of the Japanese, the people and fighters Indonesia attempted to disarm the Japanese troops. So there was the battles which claimed in many areas. When the movement to disarm the Japanese troops were blazing, September 15, 1945, British troops landed in Jakarta, then landed in Surabaya on October 25, 1945. The British are coming to Indonesia joined in AFNEI (Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies) on the decision and on behalf of Allies of World War II, with the task to disarm the Japanese troops, freeing prisoners of war detained Japan, as well as repatriate Japanese troops to the country. But besides the British soldiers who came also a mission to restore Indonesia to the Dutch government administration as a colony of the Dutch East Indies. NICA (Netherlands Indies Civil Administration) come ride with a group of British soldiers for that purpose. This has sparked turmoil led to the movement of the people of Indonesia and the Indonesian people resistance everywhere against the army and government AFNEI NICA.
Incident at Hotel Yamato, Tunjungan, Surabaya
After the emergence of the Indonesian government edict dated August 31, 1945 which stipulates that from 1 September 1945 the national flag Sang Saka Merah Putih flown continuously throughout Indonesia, the flag hoisting movement increasingly extends to all corners of the city of Surabaya. Climactic movement in Surabaya flag incident occurred on perobekan flag in Yamato Hoteru / Hotel Yamato (named Oranje Hotel or Hotel Orange in colonial times, now named Hotel Majapahit) on Jl. Tunjungan no. 65 Surabaya.
A group of Dutch people under the leadership of Mr. W.V.Ch. Ploegman on the afternoon of September 18, 1945, exactly at 21:00, flying the flag of the Netherlands (Red-White-Blue), without the approval of the Regional Government of Indonesia Surabaya, on pole at the top level Hotel Yamato, north side. The next day the youth of Surabaya saw it and became angry because they assume Netherlands had insulted the sovereignty of Indonesia, was about to return the power back in Indonesia, and harassing the flag hoisting movement ongoing in Surabaya.
Flag raising Indonesia after the Dutch flag successfully torn blue color in Yamato
Shortly after mengumpulnya mass at Hotel Yamato, Resident Soedirman, warrior and diplomat who was then serving as Deputy Resident (Fuku Syuco Gunseikan) are still recognized by the government of Dai Nippon Surabaya Syu, as well as the Regional Resident Surabaya Indonesian Government, came past the crowd and entered Yamato escorted to the hotel and Hariyono Sidik. As he conferred with representatives RI Mr. Ploegman and his friends and asked that the flag of the Netherlands immediately derived from Yamato Hotel building. In these negotiations Ploegman refused to lower the flag of the Netherlands and refuses to recognize the sovereignty of Indonesia. The talks heated up, Ploegman pulled out a gun, and a fight broke out in the negotiating room. Ploegman died strangled by Sidik, who then also killed by Dutch troops who guard and heard the pistol shot Ploegman, while Sudirman and Hariyono fled abroad Hotel Yamato. Most youth scramble up to the top of the hotel to reduce the Dutch flag. Hariyono originally shared Sudirman back into the hotel and was involved in climbing the flagpole and together Koesno Wibowo managed to lose the Dutch flag, ripped part of the blue, and mengereknya back to the top of the flagpole as the flag.
After the incident at the Yamato Hotel, on October 27, 1945 the first battle erupted between Indonesia against British troops. The small attacks later turned into a general strike that many casualties on both sides Indonesia and England, before finally General DC Hawthorn ask for help President Sukarno to defuse the situation.
The death of Brigadier General Mallaby
After the cease-fire between the Indonesian and British soldiers parties signed on October 29, 1945, the state gradually subside. Nevertheless it still happens armed clashes between the people and the British soldiers in Surabaya. Armed clashes in the Surabaya culminated with the murder of Brigadier General Mallaby, (led British troops to East Java), on October 30, 1945 at around 20:30. Buick car carrying Brigadier General Mallaby passed by a group of Indonesian militia when it will pass Red Bridge. Misunderstanding leads to a shootout that ended with the death of Brigadier General Mallaby by a pistol shot a young Indonesian man who hitherto unidentified, and the burning of the car is hit by a grenade explosion that caused the bodies Mallaby unrecognizable. Mallaby's death led to the British angry with the Indonesian side and resulted in the replacement decision Mallaby, Major General Eric Carden Robert Mansergh for issuing the ultimatum 10 November 1945 to ask the Indonesian side surrendered their arms and cease resistance to the army and administration AFNEI NICA.
The debate about the cause of crossfire
Tom Driberg, a British MP from British Labour Party (Labour Party). On February 20, 1946, in a debate in the British Parliament (House of Commons) doubted that the shootout was initiated by the Indonesian army. He said that the incident was allegedly strong shootout arises from misunderstanding the 20 members of the Indian troops led Mallaby who started the firefight was not aware that a ceasefire was valid because they are cut off from contact and telecommunications. The following excerpt from Tom Driberg:
""... About 20 people (soldiers) India (owned by the British), in a building on the other side of the square, has been cut off from communication by phone and did not know about the ceasefire. They fired sporadically on the mass (Indonesia). Brigadier Mallaby out of the discussion (truce), walk straight into the crowd, with great courage, and shouted to the Indian soldiers to stop firing. They are obedient to him. Maybe half an hour later, the crowd in the square become turbulent again. Brigadier Mallaby, in a certain point in the discussion, ordered the Indian soldiers to shoot again. They opened fire with two guns Bren and mass broke up and run for cover; then broke again with a really intense battle. It is clear that when Brigadier Mallaby gave the order to open fire again, ceasefire talks actually has been broken, at least locally. Twenty minutes to half an hour after that, he (the Mallaby) Unfortunately killed in a car-though (we) are not really sure if it was killed by the Indonesian people who approached her car; which exploded simultaneously with the attack against him (Mallaby). I think this can not be accused of murder sneaky ... I can as soon as possible because the information from witnesses, that a British officer who actually exists on the scene at the time, the intention honest I had no reason to question..""
10 November 1945
After the killing of Brigadier General Mallaby, his successor, Major General Robert Mansergh issued an ultimatum stating that all the leaders and the people of Indonesia are armed to report and put the gun in a specified place and surrendered with arms raised. Ultimatum limit is at 6:00 am November 10, 1945.
The ultimatum was then regarded as an insult to the fighters and the people who have formed many agencies struggle / militia. The ultimatum was rejected by the Indonesian side of the Republic of Indonesia on the grounds that it was already established, and the People's Security Army TKR has also been established as the state forces. In addition, many organizations have formed armed struggle of society, including among the youth, students and students who oppose the re-entry of the Dutch government that ride with the presence of British troops in Indonesia.
On November 10 morning, the British army began a large-scale attack, which began with aerial bombing government buildings to Surabaya, and then deployed about 30,000 infantry, a number of aircraft, tanks and warships.
The British then bombarded the city of Surabaya with cannons from the sea and land. Resistance forces and militias Indonesia then raged across the city, with the active support of the population. The involvement of the population in this battle resulted in thousands of civilians fall victim in the attack, either dead or wounded.
Bung Tomo in Surabaya, one of the revolutionary leaders of Indonesia's most respected. This famous photograph for many people involved in the Indonesian National Revolution represents the soul of Indonesia's main revolutionary struggle that time.
Unexpectedly the British who suspect bahwawanan in Surabaya can be conquered within three days, the young pioneers of public figures such as Bung Tomo is a big influence in the community continues to drive the spirit of resistance youths Surabaya so that the resistance continues in the midst of a large-scale attack Britain.
Religious leaders consisting of scholars and clerics among clerics cottage Java-like KH. Hasyim Ashari, KH. Wahab Hasbullah and other pesantren leaders also exert their students and civil society as a militia resistance (at that time the community is not so obedient to the government but they are more docile and obedient to the clerics) shingga Indonesia longstanding opposition parties, from day to day, up from week to week more. Popular resistance initially spontaneous and uncoordinated, increasingly regular. This large-scale battle reaches up to three weeks, before the whole city of Surabaya eventually fall in the hands of the British.
At least 6.000 to 16.000 fighters from Indonesia were killed and 200,000 civilians displaced from Surabaya. Victims of British and Indian troops roughly a 600 - 2000 soldiers. Bloody battle in Surabaya, which takes thousands of lives have been moving people's resistance throughout Indonesia to repel the invaders and defend freedom. The number of fighters who died and civilians who are victims on 10th day of November later remembered as Heroes Day by the Republic of Indonesia until now..
"Great nation is a nation that respects the services of the heroes"
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